Foreword
Technical and vocational education has always been
an important component of UNESCO's consecutive Medium Term Plans. The
basic objective of this programme is to support the efforts of Member
States to link education systems more closely to the world of work and
to promote the expansion and improvement of technical and vocational education
in the light of changing employment needs.
The Colombo Plan Staff College for Technician Education (CPSC) also dedicates itself primarily to enhancing the growth and development of the technician education systems in its member countries which are located in the Asia and Pacific region. Its programmes, projects and activities are geared to provide the needed impetus for the professional development of senior level personnel involved in technician education development efforts.
UNESCO has launched an International Project on Technical and Vocational Education (UNEVOC) as of 1992 in co-operation with the Government of Germany, ILO, FAO, UNDP and NGOs interested in the reform of technical and vocational education. This project focuses on exchanging information, research and experiences on policy and programme issues in technical and vocational through a network of cooperating institutions.
In a spirit of co-operation between UNESCO and CPSC, under UNEVOC, an attempt is being made to compile and publish studies on the development of technical and vocational education in Member States in the form of TVE profiles of 21 countries. It is hoped that this series will serve as a handy reference information on TVE systems, staff development, technical co-operation and information networking. These studies have been possible because of the full co-operation to UNESCO PROAP and CPSC by all concerned in the Member States.
The opinions expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of UNESCO and CPSC in this regard. This profile on Indonesia was prepared by Prof. Lemuel M. Miravalles, Seconded Faculty Member to CPSC by the Government of Philippines.
C.K. Basu
Director, CPSC
Victor Ordonez
Director, UNESCO PROAP
Technical and Vocational Education System - An Overview
The goals of the Indonesian technical and vocational education (TVE) system
are in accordance with the national goals as contained
in the National Planning Guidelines, 1988 These TVE goals are described
as follows:
1. As an educational institution, a senior technical and vocational school aims to educate its students in order for them to become complete Indonesian citizens based on Pancasila, encourage self-development and take responsibility for the growth of the nation
2. As a vocational education institution, a senior technical and vocational school aims to provide skills to students as an initial preparation for the world of work in accordance with the identified requirements
3. Pursuant to the principle of life-long education, a
senior technical and vocational school aims to provide additional skills
to enable students to strengthen their vocational skills and enable them
to continue their studies at a higher level of education
The Directorate of Technical and Vocational Education (DTVE), a sub-system
of the Directorate General of Primary and Secondary Education within the
Ministry of Education and Culture, is responsible for TVE at the secondary
level.
In carrying out its task, the DTVE has the following major functions (1) setting up the policies for technical and vocational education which consist of home economics, social work, business studies, technical and agricultural studies, and art and craft; (2) conducting development of TVE, and (3) carrying out the administrative work of the Directorate.
TVE within the secondary education sector in Indonesia has two main components. (1) Junior Technical and Vocational Schools (three years), and (2) Senior Technical and Vocational Schools (three or four years) Entry pre-requisites for the Senior Technical and Vocational Schools are successful completion at the Junior level and an age limit of not more than 19 years of age.
Based on Curriculum of 1984 which has been in place since school year 1985-1986, the TVE programmes are grouped into six areas as follows.
1. Agriculture and Forestry
2. Engineering
3. Business and Commerce
4. Home Technology
5. Health and Social Works
6. Art and Crafts
Each group consists of one or more clusters and one cluster comprises
one or more study programmes. At present, there are thirty-nine clusters
and 100 study programmes for the senior secondary technical and vocational
level and twelve study programmes for the junior level that can be chosen
by each school based on the conditions of teachers and faculties in the
respective schools and the needs of the region.
The following diagrams and charts describe further the Indonesian TVE system.
Diagrams and Charts
Organization of the Ministry of Education and Culture
ORGANIZATION OF THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE
Reference: Directorate of Technical and Vocational Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia
Organization of the Directorate General of Primary and Secondary Education
(DGPSE)
ORGANIZATION OF THE DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY EDUCATION (DGPSE)
Reference: Directorate of Technical and Vocational Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia.
Organizational Structure of the Directorate of Technical and Vocational
Education (DTVE), MECS
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL
EDUCATION (DTVE), MECS
Reference: Directorate of Technical and Vocational Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia.
Summary of Technical and Vocational Education within the Indonesian Education
Hierarchy
Summary of Technical and Vocational Education within the Indonesian Education
Hierarchy
* Being phased out.
Reference: Directorate of Technical and Vocational Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia.
Structure of Education System
STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION SYSTEM
Reference: Directorate of Technical and Vocational Education, Ministry of Education & Culture of Indonesia.
School Ladder, Types and Level of Skills Within DTVE
SCHOOL LADDER, TYPES AND LEVEL OF SKILLS WITHIN DTVE
Reference: Directorate of Technical and Vocational Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia.
Ladder Structure of School Types and Labour Force Pyramid
LADDER STRUCTURE OF SCHOOL TYPES AND LABOUR FORCE PYRAMID
Reference: Directorate of Technical and Vocational Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia
Number of Public Secondary Technical and Vocational
Schools and Student Population, 1989 - 1990
|
No. |
|
School Types |
Number of School |
Students Population |
|
1. |
ST |
: Junior Technical School |
193 |
75,757 |
|
2. |
SKKP |
: Junior Home Economic School |
74 |
14,810 |
|
3. |
STM |
: Senior Technical School |
149 |
129,367 |
|
4. |
STM Pembangunan |
: Senior Technical High School (4 years) |
8 |
7,771 |
|
5. |
SMEA |
: Senior Business and Commerce School |
324 |
233,257 |
|
6. |
SMKK |
: Senior Home Economic School |
84 |
36,292 |
|
7. |
SMTK |
: Senior Home Technology School |
6 |
4,459 |
|
8. |
SMPS |
: Senior Social Work School |
14 |
6,326 |
|
9. |
SMKI |
: Senior Traditional Art and Performance School |
8 |
4,383 |
|
10. |
SMM |
: Senior Music School |
3 |
571 |
|
11. |
SMSR |
: Senior Fine & Art School |
6 |
2,478 |
|
12. |
SMT Perkapalan |
: Senior Ship Building School |
1 |
630 |
|
13. |
SMT Grafika |
: Senior Printing School |
2 |
938 |
|
14. |
STM Kimia |
: Senior Chemical School |
3 |
992 |
|
15. |
STM Pertanian |
: Senior Agricultural School |
31 |
14,288 |
| |
TOTAL |
906 |
532,319 |
|
Reference: Directorate of Technical and Vocational Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia.
List of Clusters and Study Programmes within Curriculum 1984 for Schools of Technical and Vocational Education
|
No |
Group |
Cluster |
Study Programme |
Duration of Study (Year) |
Type of School |
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
1. |
Agriculture and Forestry |
1. Agronomy |
1.1 Food-plant and Horticulture Production |
3 years |
STM ertanian and SMT Pertanian |
| |
|
|
1.2 Plantation Production |
3 years |
|
| |
|
|
1.3 Plantation Production |
4 years |
SPbMA |
| |
|||||
| |
|
2. Animal Husbandry |
2.1 Livestock Production |
3 years |
SMT Pertanian |
| |
|||||
| |
|
3. Fishery |
3.1 Fish Culture Production |
3 years |
SMT Pertanian |
| |
|
|
3.2 Fish Catching Techniques |
3 years |
SMT Pertanian |
| |
|||||
| |
|
4. Agricultural Mechanization |
4 1 Agricultural Mechanic |
3 years |
SMT Pertanian |
| |
|||||
|
|
|
5. Agricultural Product Processing |
5.1 Agric. Product Processing |
3 years |
STM Pertanian and |
| |
|
|
5.2 Agric. Product Processing |
4 years |
STM Pertanian |
| |
|||||
| |
|
6. Mixed Farming |
6 1 Mixed Farming |
3 years |
SMT Pertanian. SFM |
| |
|||||
|
2. |
Engineering |
1. Building |
1.1 Civil Drawing |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
1.2 Surveying and Mapping |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
1.3 Building Construction |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
1.4 Civil Construction |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
1.5 Building Construction |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|
|
1.6 Civil Construction |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|||||
| |
|
2. Electronics |
2.1 Industrial Electronics |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
2.2 Communication Electronics |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
2.3 Industrial Electronics |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|
|
2.4 Communication Electronics |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|
|
2.5 Transmission Technology |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|
|
2.6 Telecommunications |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|||||
| |
|
3. Electrical |
3.1 Domestic Electrical Installation |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
3.2 Industrial Electrical Installation |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
3.3 Industrial Electrical Installation |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|
|
3.4 Electrical Power |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|||||
| |
|
4. Metal Works |
4.1 Metal Fabrication |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
4.2 Machining |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
4.3 Advanced Machining |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|||||
| |
|
5. Mechanical |
5.1 General Mechanics |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|||||
| |
|
6. Automotive |
6 1 Auto Mechanics |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
6.2 Automotive |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|||||
| |
|
7. Industrial |
7.1 Process Control |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|
|
7.2 Metal and Glass Instrumentation |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|||||
| |
|
8. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning |
8.1 Refrigeration and Air conditioning |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|||||
|
|
|
9. Mining Geology |
9.1 Mining Geology |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|||||
| |
|
10. Chemistry |
10.1 Industrial Chemistry |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
10 2 Industrial Chemistry |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|
|
10 3 Analytical Chemistry |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|||||
| |
|
11. Textile Manufacturing |
11.1 Spinning |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
11.2 Weaving |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
11.3 Knitting |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
11.4 Textile Finishing |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|
|
11.5 Spinning |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|
|
11.6 Weaving |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|
|
11.7 Knitting |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|
|
11.8 Textile Finishing |
4 years |
STM Pembangunan |
| |
|||||
| |
|
12. Graphics |
12.1 Graphics |
3 years |
SMT Grafika |
| |
|
|
12.2 Graphic Production |
3 years |
SMT Grafika |
| |
|||||
| |
|
13. Shipbuilding |
13.1 Maintenance and Repair of Ships Structure |
3 years |
STM Perkapalan |
| |
|
|
13.2 Maintenance and Repair of Ships Engine |
3 years |
STM Perkapalan |
| |
|
|
13.3 Welding and Ship Building |
3 years |
STM Perkapalan |
| |
|
|
13.4 Ship Design |
3 years |
STM Perkapalan |
| |
|
|
13.5 Ship Repair and Maintenance |
3 years |
STM Perkapalan |
| |
|
|
13.6 Ship Engine Repair and Maintenance |
3 years |
STM Perkapalan |
| |
|||||
| |
|
14. Airframe |
14.1 Aircraft Frame Construction |
3 years |
STM Penerbangan |
| |
|
|
14.2 Aircraft Body Frame Construction |
3 years |
STM Penerbangan |
| |
|||||
|
|
|
15. Aircraft Production |
15.1 Machining - Milling |
3 years |
STM Penerbangan |
| |
|
|
15.2 Machining Lathe Work |
|
STM Penerbangan |
| |
|||||
| |
|
16. Aircraft Accessories |
16.1 Aircraft Electrical Installation |
3 years |
STM Penerbangan |
| |
|
|
16.2 Aircraft Electrical Installation |
3 years |
STM Penerbangan |
| |
|||||
| |
|
17. Aircraft Maintenance |
17.1 Aircraft Mechanics and Air Frame |
3 years |
STM Penerbangan |
| |
|
|
17.2 Aircraft Electrics and Instrumentation |
3 years |
STM Penerbangan |
| |
|
|
17.3 Aircraft Electronics |
3 years |
STM Penerbangan |
| |
|||||
| |
|
18. Interior Design and Fittings |
18.1 Interior Fitting |
3 years |
STM |
| |
|||||
| |
|
19. Shipping Transportation |
19.1 Navigation |
4 years |
SPM |
| |
|
|
19.2 Engineering |
4 years |
SPM |
| |
|||||
|
3. |
Business and Office Administration |
1. Finance |
1.1 Accounting |
3 years |
SMEA |
| |
|||||
| |
|
2. Office Administration |
2.1 Office Practice |
3 years |
SMEA |
| |
|
|
2.2 Secretarial |
3 years |
SMEA |
| |
|||||
| |
|
3. Business |
3.1 Marketing Management |
3 years |
SMEA |
| |
|||||
| |
|
4. Co-operatives |
4.1 Co-operative Marketing Management |
3 years |
SMEA |
| |
|
|
4.2 Co-operative Investment and Loan Management |
3 years |
SMEA |
| |
|||||
| |
|
5. Tourism |
5.1 Travel |
3 years |
SMEA |
| |
|||||
|
4. |
Health and Social Work |
1. Social Work |
1.1 Social Medical Work |
4 years |
SMPS |
| |
|
|
1.2 Social Corrective Work |
4 years |
SMPS |
| |
|
|
1.3 Social Rehabilitation Work |
4 years |
SMPS |
| |
|
|
1.4 Social Public Development Work |
4 years |
SMPS |
| |
|
|
1.5 Social Rural Public Development Work |
4 years |
SMPS |
| |
|||||
|
5. |
Home Economics |
1. Beautician |
1.1 Beautician |
3 years |
SMTK and SMKK |
| |
|||||
| |
|
2. Food Technology |
2.1 Nutrition |
3 years |
SMTK and SMKK |
| |
|
|
2.2 Food Services (Restaurant and Catering) |
3 years |
SMTK and SMKK |
| |
|
|
2.3 Bakery (Breads and Cake) |
3 years |
SMTK and SMKK |
| |
|||||
| |
|
3. Tourism |
3.1 Hotel Management |
3 years |
SMTK and SMKK |
| |
|||||
| |
|
4. Home Economics |
4.1 Food |
3 years |
SMKK |
| |
|
|
4.2 Clothing |
3 years |
SMKK |
| |
|
|
4.3 House keeping |
3 years |
SMKK |
| |
|||||
|
6 |
Culture |
1. Fine Arts |
1.1 Decoration |
4 years |
SMSR |
| |
|
|
1.2 Graphic Communication |
4 years |
SMSR |
| |
|
|
1.3 Craft Design |
4 years |
SMSR |
| |
|
|
1.4 Painting |
4 years |
SMSR |
| |
|
|
1.5 Sculpture |
4 years |
SMSR |
| |
|||||
| |
|
2. Handicrafts |
2.1 Painting/Basketry |
4 years |
SMIK |
| |
|
|
2.2 Ceramics |
4 years |
SMIK |
| |
|
|
2.3 Metal Craft |
4 years |
SMIK |
| |
|
|
2.4 Wood-carving |
4 years |
SMIK |
| |
|
|
2.5 Batik |
4 years |
SMIK |
| |
|
|
2.6 Leather work |
4 years |
SMIK |
| |
|||||
| |
|
3. Performing Arts |
3.1 Traditional Music |
4 years |
SMKI |
| |
|
|
3.2 Traditional Dance |
4 years |
SMKI |
| |
|
|
3.3 Traditional Wayang Puppet Theatre |
4 years |
SMKI |
| |
|
|
3.4 Arts Theatre |
4 years |
SMKI |
| |
|||||
| |
|
4. Music |
4.1 Performance |
4 years |
SMM |